gems, minerals

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classified as a true mineral, a substance must be a solid and have a crystalline structure. It must also be a naturally occurring, homogeneous substance with a defined chemical composition.

The International Mineralogical Association approved the following definition in ***5:

"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes."[2]

According to this definition and classification scheme, biogenic materials were excluded from the mineral kingdom:

"Biogenic substances are chemical compounds produced entirely by biological processes without a geological component (e.g., urinary calculi, oxalate crystals in plant tissues, shells of marine molluscs, etc.) and are not regarded as minerals. However, if geological processes were involved in the genesis of the compound, then the product can be accepted as a mineral."[2]:**0

However, other researchers do not adhere to this exclusion rule. Lowenstam (***1), for example, states the following:[3]

"Organisms are capable of forming a diverse array of minerals, some of which cannot be formed inorganically in the biosphere

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